Full text of "The history of the popes from the close
of the Middle Ages : drawn from the secret archives of the Vatican
V
HISTORY OF THE POPES
VOL. XIX.
PASTOR S HISTORY OF THE POPES
THE HISTORY OF THE POPES. Translated from
the German of LUDWIG, FREIHERR VON PASTOR. Edited, as to
Vols. I. -VI., by the late FREDERICK IGNATIUS ANTROBDS, and,
as to Vols. VII -XX., by RALPH FRANCIS KERR, of the
Vols. I. and II. A.D. 1305-1458
Vols. III. and IV. A.D. 1458-1483
Vols. V. and VI. A.D. 1484-1513
Vols. VII. and VIII. A.D. 1513-1521
Vols. IX. and X. A D. 1522-1534
Vols. XI. and XII. A.D. 1534-1549
Vols. XIII. and XIV. A.D. 1550-1559
Vols. XV. and XVI. A.D. 1559-1565
Vols. XVII. and XVIII. AD. 1566-1572
Vols. XIX. and XX. A.D. 1572-1585
The original German text of the History of the Popes is
published
by Herder & Co., Freiburg (Baden ).
THE
HISTORY OF THE POPES
FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
DRAWN FROM THE SECRET ARCHIVES OF THE VATICAN
ORIGINAL SOURCES
FROM THE GERMAN OF
LUDWIG, FREIHERR VON PASTOR
EDITED BY
RALPH FRANCIS KERR
OF THE LONDON
VOLUME XIX
GREGORY XIII. (1572-1585)
KEG AN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO.. LTD.
BROADWAY HOUSE : 68-74
CARTER LANE
1930
Bx
P3S
DEDICATED TO v
His HOLINESS POPE Pius XI.,
WITH PROFOUND VENERATION
BY
THE AUTHOR.
Catholicus non est, qui a Romana Esdesia
in fidei dootrina discordat.
(Inscription on tomb of Cardinal Hosius in
S. Maria in Trastevere, Rome
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THE DEVONSHIRE PRESS, TORQUAY
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX.
PAGE
Collections of Archives and Manuscripts referred to in
Volumes XIX. and XX vii
Complete Titles of Books frequently quoted in Volumes
XIX. and XX ix
Table of Contents ...... xxvii
List of Unpublished Documents in Appendix. . xlvii
Introduction ........ i
The Election of Gregory XIII. His Character and Govern
ment . . . . . . . . .11
Reforming activity in the Church. Charles Borromeo . 66
Progress of the Religious Orders. Reform of the Car
melites by Teresa of Jesus . . . . .109
Philip Neri and the Foundation of the Oratory. . . 161
The Jubilee of 1575. The College of Cardinals. . . 197
Gregory XIII. and the Society of Jesus. The Colleges in
Patronage of learning. The Catacombs. New editions
of Canon Law and the Martyrology . . . .259
Reform of the Calendar. The Roman Inquisition. The
Index ..... .... 283
Gregory XIII. and the League against the Turks . . 323
State of Religion in England
Gregory XIII. and Scotland
Persecution in England
and Scotland
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew . . . . .482
Civil and Religious wars in France
League. Beginnings of Catholic Reform in France
Appendix of unpublished Documents .... 562
Index of Names ..,.,,,, 629
COLLECTIONS OF ARCHIVES AND
MANUSCRIPTS REFERRED TO IN
VOLUMES XIX. AND XX.
Aix (Provence
brary.
BITONTO Capitular Archives.
BREMGARTEN (Aargau) City
Archives.
CITTA DI CASTELLO, Graziani
Archives.
EXAETEN Library of the Soc.
of Jesus.
Library.
National Library.
Riccardiana Library.
FOLIGNO Faloci - Pulignani
Library.
Seminary Library.
chives.
Senckenbergische
Li-
brary.
City Library.
FREIBURG (Switzerland
versity Library.
Archives.
chives.
Archives of the Jesuit
College.
Library of the Servites.
1 Made over to the Vatican
Library in 1922.
vii
LAINZ (Vienna
brary. x
Capilupi Library.
State Library.
National Library.
Library of the Certosa
di S. Martino.
ORVIETO Episcopal Archives.
chives.
Archives :
Barnabites.
Boncompagni.
Briefs.
Consistorial (Vatican
Jesuits.
Mary Major, St.
Oratorians.
Orsini.
Papal Secret Archives.
Propaganda,
viii ARCHIVES & MANUSCRIPTS IN VOLS. XIX. & XX.
Archives : cont.
Ricci.
Spanish Embassy.
State.
Theatines.
Libraries :
Alessandrina.
Altieri.
Angelica.
Barbarini.
Casanatense.
Chigi.
Goisini.
CorvisierL
Fcrrajnoti.
St. Peter s.
Piombino, the Princes
of (private library}.
SSL Quanta, Convent
of
RiccL
Vallicelliana.
Vittorio Emanuele.
chives.
Convent
SAINT FLORIAN,
Library.
STRASBURG Departmental Ar
chives.
U PS ALA
L RBINO ^Archiepiscopal
chiw.
Ar-
Library- of St. Mark s.
chives.
State Archives.
State Library.
COMPLETE TITLES OF BOOKS QUOTED IX
VOLUMES XIX AND XX.
Abschiede, Die Eidgenossischen, 1556-1586 (Der amtlichen
Abschiedesammlung, Vol. IV., part 2, Ed. by Kriitli), Bern
1861.
[Acton, Lord], The Massacre of St. Bartholomew (The North
British Review, New Series, Vol. 12) ; London
Agricola, Ignatius, Historia Provinciae Societatis Jesu
Germaniae
superioris ; Vol. I., Aug. Vind., 1727.
Albert, E., Vita di Caterina di Medici, Firenze ,
1838.
Albert, E., Le relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senate
durante il secolo decimosesto, 3 Series ; Firenze ,
1839-1855.
Amabile, L. II S. Omcio della Inquisizione in Napoli , Vol. I.,
Citta di Castello, 1892.
Ancel R. Nonciatures de France : Vol. I., Nonciatures de
Sebastiano Gualterio et de Cesare Brancatio ; Paris,
1909-1911.
Annovcuxi, V. Storia di Civitavecchia; Roma, 1853.
Anquetil. L esprit de la Ligue ; nouv. Edit., Vol. I.,
Paris, 1818.
Arcaissi, Tobias. Bullarium Maronitarum, Roraae, 1911.
Archivio della R. Societa Romana di storia patria ; Roma,
1878 seqq.
Archivio storico dell Arte, pubbl. per Gncti ; Roma, 1888
seqq.
Archivio storico Italiano ; 5 series, Firenze ,
1842 seqq.
Archivio storico Lombardo ; Milano, 1874 seqq.
Archivio storico per le provincie Napolitane ; Napoli , 1876 seqq.
Aretin, C. M. v. Bayerns auswartige Verhaltnisse seit dem
Anfange des 16 Jahrhunderts ; Vol. I., Passau
- Geschichte des bayerischen Herzogs und Kurfursten
Maximilian des Ersten ; Passau
ArmtUini, ^f. Le chiese di Roma ; Roma, 1887.
Arte, L , continuation of " Archivio storico dell Arte
; Roma,
1898 seqq.
A strain, A. (S.J.). Historia de la Compania de Jesus en la
Asistencia de Espana ; Vols. I. -IV., Madrid
Atti e Memorie della r. deputa^. di storia patria per le
prov. dell
Emilia ; Modena
Avarragary, L. La Iglesia en America
Estudio de la epoca colonial ; Amelia, 1919.
Avvisi-Caetani. in the re\*iew "II Saggiatore,"
Vol. IV., Roma,
1845, 64 seqq., 104 seqq., 154 seqq., 203
Baglione, GKX-. Le vite de pittori, scultori et architetti
dal
pontiftcato di Gregorio XIII. del
ix
Xll COMPLETE TITLES OF BOOKS
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1894.
Caruso, Giambatt. Discorso istorico-apologetico della
Monarchia
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Catena, Girol. Delle Lettere ; Vol. I., Roma, 1589.
Cecchetti, B. La republica di Venezia e la corte di Roma nei
rapporti della religione ; 2 vols., Venezia, 1874.
Cenival, P. de. La politique du St.
Siege et 1 election de Pologne
1572-1573, in " Melanges d Archeologie, XXXVI. , Rome
1916-1917.
Cerrati, M. Tiberii Alpharani de bascilicae Vaticanse anti-
quissima et nova structura liber ; Romae, 1914.
Chalembert, V. de. Histoire de la Ligue sous les regnes de
Henri
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Challoner, R. Missionary Priests, ed. of 1924.
Charriere, E. Negociations de la France dans le Levant ; Paris,
1848.
Chattard, G. P. Nuova descrizione del Vaticano ; Vols. I.
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Ciaconius, Alph. Vitae et res gestae Pont. Romanorum et S.
R. E.
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Ciampi, J. Innocenzo X. Pamfili e la sua corte ; Roma, 1878.
Ciappi, Ant. Compendio delle attioni e vita di Gregorio
XIII.
Roma, 1591.
Clemente, F. II Carnevale Romano ; Roma, 1899.
Cohn, Lud. Ad. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der deutschen
Staaten und der Niederlande ; Vol. I., Brunswick
Coleccion, Nueva, de documentos ineditos para la historia de
Espafia, publ. p. Don Franc, de Zab-ilburu y Don. Jose Santo
Rayfin ; Vols. I.-V. ,
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Giov. Franc. Bonomi, vescorvo di Vercelli
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Corpo Diplomatico Portuguez . . . pp. L. A. Rebello da Silva
,
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Corraro, Giov. Relazione di Roma 1581, in Alberi, Vol. IV.,
Correspondance du Card. Granvelle, pp. Poullet et Plot 12
vols.
Bruxelles, 1878-1896.
Correspondance de Philippe II., see Gacha/d.
Correspondencia de Felipe II. con sus embaj adores en la
corte de
Inglaterra 1558 a 1584 ; Vols. IV., V., Madrid
Correspondencia diplomatica entre Espana y la Santa Sede
durante el pontificado de s. Pio V., por D. L. Serrano;
4 vols., Roma, 1914.
Cramer, L. La Seigneurie de Geneve et la maison de Savoie
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Dahlman, J. (S.J.). Die Sprachkunde und die Missionen ;
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Dalham, Flor. Concilia Salisburgensia provincialia et
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Dandlikev, K. Geschichte der Schweiz ; 2 vols., Zurich
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QUOTED IN VOLS. XIX. AND XX. xiii
Davila, E. C. Historia delle guerre civili di Francia ;
Venezia,
1634.
Dejob, Ch. De 1 influence du Concile de Trente sur la
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Bruxelles, 1909.
Dengel\ J. Geschichte des Palazzo di S. Marco, genannt
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Dictionnaire de Theologie Catholique : Ed. Vacant- Man gen
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Dierauer, J. Geschichte der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft
;
Vol. III., 1516-1648, Gotha
Dispacci di Germania : Ed. by the " Historischen Komm.
der
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften ." of Turba ;
Vols. I.-III., Vienna
Doeberl, M. Entwicklungsgeschichte Bayerns ; Vol. I., Munich
1916.
Dollinger, J. J. Beitrage zur politischen, kirchlichen, und
Kulturgeschichte der 16 Jahrhunderte ; Vols. II., III.,
Droysen, G. Geschichte der Gegenreformation ; Berlin
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Geschichte der Jesuiten inden Landern deutscher Zunge
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Durm, J. Die Baukunst der Renaissance in Italien ; Stuttgart
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Egloffstein, H.v. Fiirstabt Balthasar von Dermbach und die
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Ehrenberg, H. Urkunden und Aktenstiicke zur Geschichte der
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Ehses, S. and S. Merkle. Concilium Tridentinum ; Vol. I.
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Ehses, S. and A. Meister. Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland
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Eichhorn, A. Der ermlandische Bischof und Kardinal
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[Erstenberger, A ] De Autonomia ; Munich
Escher, Konrad. Barock und Klassizismus ; Leipzig
Fantuzzi, G. Notizie degli scrittori Bolognese ; 9 vols., Bologna
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Fermendzin, E. Acta Bosnae potissimum ecclesiastica : in
" Monumenta spect. hist. Slavorum merid." Vol. 23,
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Fiedler, J. Relationen venetianischer Botschafter iiber
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XIV COMPLETE TITLES OF BOOKS
Foley, H. (S.J.). Records of the English Province
of Jesus ; 7 vols., London
Forbes-Leith, W. (S.J.). Narratives of Scottish Catholics
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Mary Stuart and James VI. Edinburgh
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Formentini, M. La dominazione Spagnuola in Lombardia ;
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Fouqueray, H. (S.J.}. Histoire de la Compagnie de
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Fremy, E. Un ambassadeur liberal sous Charles IX. et Henri
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Ambassade a Venise d Arnaud du Ferrier ; Paris, 1880.
Frere, W. H. The English
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Fueter, E. Geschichte der neueren Historiographie ; Munich
Fulvio, Andrea. L antichita di Roma con le aggiuntioni et
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Gachard, L. P. Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne,
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La bibliotheque des princes Corsini ; Bruxelles, 1869.
Gams, P. B. Series episcoporum ecclesiae Catholicae ;
Ratisbon,
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Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien ; 3 vols., Ratisbon,
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Garampi, G. Saggi di osservazioni sul valore delle antiche
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Gatticus, J. B. Acta ceremonialia S. Romanae Ecclesiae; vol.
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Gaye, E. G. Carteggio inedito d artisti dei secoli XV.,
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Geijer, E. G. Geschichte Schwedens ; 3 vols., Hamburg
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Giornale Storico della letteratura Italiana ; Vols. I.
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Gnoli, D. Vittoria
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Goetz, W. Beitrage zur Geschichte Herzogs Albrechts V. und
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Gothein, E. Ignatius von Loyola und die Gegenreformation ;
Gradenicus, H. Pontificum Brixianorum series commentario
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Graevius, I. G. Thesaurus antiquitatum Italiae ; 12 vols.,
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Gfoen van Prinsterer, G. Archives on Correspondance inedite
de la maison d Orange-Nassau ; ist series, 9 vols., Leyden ,
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Gropp, Ignatius. Collectio novissima Scriptorum et Rerum
Wirceburgensium a saec. XVI., XVII. et XVIII. hactenus
gestarum. Tom. I. ab anno
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Gruber, H. Der selige Rudolf Aquaviva ; .Regensburg, 1894.
Guglielmotti , Alb. Marc Antonio Colonna alia battaglia di
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La squadre permanente della Marina Romana ; Roma,
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Guhl, E. Kiinstlerbriefe ; Vol. I., Berlin
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Gulik-EubeL Hierarchia Catholica medii aevi ; Vol. III.,
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Gurlitt, Corn. Geschichte des Barockstiles in Italien ; Stuttgart
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Hdberlin, Fr. D. Neueste teutsche Reichsgeschichte ; 20
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Haefer, H. Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medezin und der
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Havemann, W. Das Leben des Don Juan d Austria ; Gotha
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Heimbucher, M. Die Orden und Kongregationen der katholis-
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Heppe, H. Die Restauration des Katholizismus in Fulda
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XVI COMPLETE TITLES OF BOOKS
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Holzwarth, F. J. Der Abfall der Niederlande ; 2 vols.,
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Hosii. Cardin. episc. Warmiensis Epistolae, ed. Hipler et
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Huber, A. Geschichte Osterreichs, Vol. TV., Gotha
Hubert, E. Les Pays-Bas Espagnols et la Republique des
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Hubner, A. v. Papst Sixtus der Fiinfte ; 2 vols., Leipzig
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Hurbin, J. Handbuch der Schweizer Geschichte ; Stans, 1900-
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Hurter, H. Nomenclator Litterarius ; Vol. I., Oeniponte,
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Intra, G. B. Di Camillo Capilupi e de suoi scritti ; Milano,
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Inventario dei Monumenti di Roma ; Vol. I. ,
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Jahrbuch, Historisches, der Gorres-Gesellschaft ; Vols.
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Katholik, Der. Zeitschrift fur kathol. Wissenschaft und
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Kervyn de Lettenhove. Les Huguenots et les Gueux ; 6 vols.,
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QUOTED IN VOLS. XIX. AND XX. XV11
Keyssler, J. G. Neueste Reise durch Deutschland, Bohmen,
Ungarn, die Schweiz, Italien und Lothringen ; 3 vols.,
Kirchenlexikon, Hergenrothers, Ed. Weltzer und Welte ; Freiburg ,
1882-1901.
Knieb, Joh. Geschichte der Reformation und Gegenreformation
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Knopfler, A. Die Kelchbewegung in Bayern unter Herzog
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Kolberg, J. Beitrage zur Geschichte des Cardinals und
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Kretzschmar, Joh. Die Invasionsprojekte der katholischen
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Likowski, E. Die ruthenisch-romische Kirchenvereinigung,
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Lingard, John. History of England
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TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX.
INTRODUCTION.
A.D. PAGE
Importance of the pontificate of Pius V. . . . i
Whose footsteps are followed by Gregory XIII. under
the influence of Charles Borromeo I
Increasing vigour of Catholic restoration, the real
importance of the pontificate .... 2
Foundation of true reform laid by the Council of Trent 3
Qualities of Gregory XIII. . . . . . 3
His constant use of the Society of Jesus ... 4
And of the Capuchins ...... 5
Development of diplomatic representation . . 5
Efforts to restore the religious unity of Christian
nations ........ 5
Work of Gregory XIII. in Germany
Reform of the Carmelites. St.
Philip Neri . . 8
Establishment of ecclesiastical colleges ... 8
Foreign missions ....... 9
CHAPTER I.
THE ELECTION OF GREGORY XIII. HIS CHARACTER AND
GOVERNMENT.
1572 The Conclave opened on May I2th . . . .11
The candidates. A long Conclave expected . . 12
Rivalry of Farnese and Medici . . . .12
Influence of Philip II. Granvelle at the Conclave . 13
Borromeo suggests Sirleto and Ugo Boncompagni . 14
The latter elected at 6 p.m. on May I3th . . .15
And takes the name of Gregory XIII. . . .15
Popularity in Rome
Origin of the new Pope ; his family . . .17
His distinction in the study of law . . . 17
Employed as legate by Paul III. ; Julius III. shows
him disfavour . . . . . .18
But under Paul IV. comes into favour again and is
employed in diplomacy . . . . .19
His friendship with the Carafa .... 20
Pius IV. sends him to Trent
Created Cardinal on March I2th, 1565 is much
esteemed by Borromeo ..... 22
His devotion to his duty refuses a pension offered by
Philip II. ... ... 23
xxvii
XXV111 TABLE OF CONTENTS
A.D. PAGE
1572 The good name he enjoys in Rome
enemies "....... 24
Some men anticipate a weak government . . 25
But it is soon shewn they are wrong ... 26
At his first Consistory (May 3oth) he determines to
carry on the work of Pius V. . . . .26
His intimate relations with Charles Borromeo . . 28
By whose advice he appoints Tolomeo Galli as
secretary of state . . . . . .29
At the request of many Cardinals Gregory XIII.
bestows the purple on his nephew, Filippo
Boncompagni . . . . . .30
Who was only concerned with the ceremonial repre
sentation of the Holy See . . . -31
1574 Filippo Guastavillani, his sister s son, created
Cardinal 32
Giacomo Boncompagni (son of Gregory XIII. when a
lay-man) held in great affection by the Pope . 33
Who refuses to satisfy his ambition ... 34
And keeps him within strict bounds . 35
Never allowing him to interfere in affairs of state . 36
Simple manner of life of Gregory XIII. . . 37
How he regulated it ...... 38
His daily routine . . . . . . .41
Visits to Mondragone his great accessibility . . 43
Stays with Cardinals Farnese and Este ... 44
Makes the pilgrimage of the seven churches. Mon
taigne s description of the Pope ... 46
His care of the poor and sick . . . . .47
And devotes large sums to charitable purposes . . 49
Essential kindliness of his nature . . . -51
His care in granting requests does not allow himself
to be influenced excepting by Galli ... 52
Relations between the Pope and Cardinal Galli . . 53
And with those persons who are in his confidence . 54
But " the Pope governs " . . . . -55
And in spite of his confidence in Galli keeps supreme
control in his own hands ..... 57
The consistories become too unwieldly for the ordinary
administration . . . . .58
Hence development of the " Congregations " . . 59
And importance of the nunciatures 61
The Pope s choice of nuncios ..... 65
CHAPTER II.
REFORMING ACTIVITY IN THE CHURCH. CHARLES BORROMEO.
1572 First measures of Gregory XIII. regarding observance
of the decrees of the Council of Trent ... 66
The duty of residence enforced .... 67
Borromeo returns to Milan
1 5 75-82 Orders to nuncios to insist upon the duty of resi
dence this is strictly enforced .... 69
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxix
A.D. PAGE
1575 The Pope s care in the choice of good bishops . . 70
And in the appointment to benefices . . 71
Insists upon the proper discharge of their pastoral
offices by the bishops ; especially canonical visita
tions ........ 72
1573 Seven bishops as apostolic visitors in the States of
the
Church minute instructions given to them . 73
These Visitations extended to the whole of Italy
J 575 At the request of Borromeo visitors appointed for the
whole province
of Milan
1 5 75-& 1 Detailed records of many visitations . 76
Difficulties with Venice
But in spite of the Doge, the Pope remains inflexible 78
Good results of the visitation by Valiero ... 79
Visitations outside Italy
Great fruit of the Apostolic Visitations zeal of many
of the bishops . . . . . .80
Activity of Charles Borromeo ..... 82
1 575-84 His provincial and diocesan Synods his ordinances
83
1582 He publishes the " Acts of the Church of Milan
Wide-spread influence of these " Acts " . . . 85
Extreme importance of Borromeo s example . . 86
State of the province
of Milan
And his labours blessed with splendid results . . 88
His establishment of seminaries .... 89
And care for religious instruction of the people . . 90
Foundation of colleges and of the Oblates of St.
Ambrose ....... 91
His correspondence with all classes and ranks . . 92
And increasing austerity of life .... 93
Is called the " model of Catholic bishops " . -94
Disputes of Borromeo with the Spanish governors of
He is made the object of incessant accusations . . 97
And is criticized in a sermon by a Jesuit ... 98
Public opinion in Rome
1579 But Borromeo comes to Rome
triumph ........ 100
And secures Papal approbation is received with joy
on his return to Milan
1580 Ayamonte dies in April and the new governors
maintain full agreement with the ecclesiastical
powers ........ 102
Danger to Italy
districts. An Apostolic visitor appointed for tha
Grisons ........ 103
1584 Last days of St.
Charles
Life-work of St. Charles Borromeo .... 107
Is a " milestone in the history of the Church ". .
108
XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS.
A.D. PAGE
CHAPTER III.
PROGRESS OF THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. REFORM OF THE
CARMELITES BY TERESA OF JESUS.
Gregory XIII. and restoration of discipline among the
Religious Orders ...... 109
His severity towards the spirit of ambition and dis
obedience . . . . . . .no
1572-79 Decrees for freedom of election of superiors and
enforcement of the strict enclosure . . . in
These ordinances a development of the Tridentine
decrees . . . . . . . .112
Reform of the Franciscans and Cistercians . 113
1573 Visitation of the Cistercians in Germany
satisfactory . . . . . . .114
Encroachments by lay patrons Cistercian monasteries
in Lombardy and Tuscany
Decadence of the Benedictines in Portugal
1576 Reform of the Knights of Malta
The Pope favours the Benedictine congregation of
Monte Cassino
And encourages reforms of the older Orders . .118
The new Congregations : the Barnabites . .119
Brothers of St.
John
The Theatines . . . . . . .121
The Fate-Benefratelli ; Oblates of St. Ambrose ;
Alcantarines . . . . . . .122
Special love of the Pope for the Capuchins . . 123
1574 Permits their extension outside Italy
1583 Their stirring work in Switzerland
Restoration of the Orders in Germany ,
Poland
1 575-78 Obstacles to the renewal of monasteries in Spain
The Jesuits arouse violent resentment . .127
Reform of the Spanish Premonstratensians . . 128
The Carmelites in Spain
Her writings and extraordinary gifts of mind . .130
The nobility of her character . . . . .132
Early life at home in Avila
Convent of the Incarnation at Avila
Her visions, and interior life . . . . .136
The value of her writings . . . . .137
Their special importance . . . . .138
Methods of the new Orders . . . . .139
Teresa s nature free from exaggerations . . .141
Attaches no particular importance to mystical experi
ences ........ 142
These are a source of trouble to Teresa . . .143
Early reform movements among the Carmelites . . 145
Teresa experiences great opposition. The first Con
vent (of St. Joseph at Avila
1562 146
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXI
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1575-78 Approbation of Rossi, general of the Order . 148
Teresa and John of The Cross . . . .149
Her fame spreads throughout Spain
She is supported by the nuncio Ormaneto . 151
Jerome Gracian appointed visitor . . . .152
1575 The general chapter at Piacenza
Teresa s work as foundress stopped, 1576 to 1580 . 153
Opposition to Gracian . . . . . .154
Influence and activity of Teresa . . . 155
John of The Cross imprisoned attacks on Teresa . 156
But a hint from Philip II. causes Sega (the new nuncio)
to issue an edict in favour of the reform . . 15?
1580 The question carried to Rome
which fulfilled the desire of Teresa . . .158
Her work now done . . . . . .158
The " hall-mark " of the Reform great w^orks of
the Carmelites . . . . . .159
Foundations in Italy
CHAPTER IV.
PHILIP NERI AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE ORATORY.
1515 Birth of Philip Neri 161
His early years in Florence
Dominicans of S. Marco . . . . .162
1533 Goes to live with his cousin at San Germano but
soon renounces his worldly prospects and sets out
for Rome
And for 16 years leads a life of prayer and severe
penance . . . . . . . . 164
His visits to the Catacomb of St. Sebastian . .164
And receives there his consecration as Apostle of the
love of God 165
This urges him to the service of his neighbour . .165
Resumes his studies visits the hospitals his example
influences others ... . . 166
1548 Begins the Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity . 166
For poor pilgrims and the convalescent sick . .167
Extraordinary development of this during the years
of Jubilee 167
1551 Receives the sacred Orders and goes to S. Girolamo
della Carita 167
His work as a priest for 40 years . . . .169
" His room " visitors of all classes . . .169
His first disciples Tarugi Baronius . . .169
Description of the meetings at the Oratory . . 1 72
Importance for the moral regeneration of Rome
The hymns of the Oratory . . . . .174
The visits to the seven churches result of these . 177
Extraordinary qualities of Philip his special power
with the young . . . . . .178
XXX11 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
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1858-74 S. Girolamo and S. Giovanni dei Florentini. . 179
1575 S. Maria in Vallicella [the Chiesa Nuova] given by
the Pope- to St. Philip 180
The new Congregation ; what it is . . .181
Its spread in Italy
St. Philip and Baronius . . . . . .183
Origin of the Annals . . . . . .183
Oratorians and the Catacombs . . . .185
St. Philip and music Animuccia Palestrina . 186
Oratorios the Laudi . . . . . .188
Veneration of Philip, by Popes, Cardinals and the
Roman nobility ...... rgo
Philip and the English Martyrs . . . .191
His apostolate extends from the Pope to the smallest
urchin in the street His direction of souls. . 192
" His way " enemy of human respect . . .193
A very antithesis to the " reformers of the north
"
His character " a bright ray of sunshine ". . 194
His influence includes Rome
Church . . . . . . . .195
Iconography of St. Philip . . . . .195
CHAPTER V.
THE JUBILEE OF 1575. THE COLLEGE OF CARDINALS.
Favour shown to lay confraternities . . . 1 97
1574 Consistory (January 8th) to explain the Jubilee. . 198
It is promulgated on May 2oth and December igth . 199
The Pope attaches importance to the presence of
Borromeo ....... 200
Opening of the Holy Door on the vigil of Christmas. 201
1575 Charles Frederick of Cleves in Rome
Piety of the Pope daring the Jubilee . . . 203
Great crowds of the faithful ..... 204
Order of their entry into the city and of the processions
205
Many gifts to the churches in thanksgiving . . 205
The penitential processions and allegorical tableaux 206
The plan of Ant. Lafreri. Wonder of the foreign
pilgrims . . . . . . .208
Impressive spectacle of the lay confraternities. . 209
Generosity of Gregory XIII. . . . . . 209
The impulse to sacred oratory notable preachers . 210
Results of the Jubilee and of the work of Philip Neri 211
The Santissima Trinita dei Pellegrini . . .212
Charity of the great Roman families . . .213
The " memorial " book of the Jubilee . . .213
Opinion of Martino Azpilcueta as to the moral
revival . . . . . . . .214
Relations of Gregory XIII. with the college of Car
dinals 215
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXxiil
A.D. PAGE
1575 He constantly reminds them of their duties . .216
The many apostles of true reform among the Cardinals 216
And changed manner of life of others . . .216
The wealthy Cardinals : Farnese, Medici, Este,
Gambara . . . . . . .217
Great generosity of Farnese the Gesu . . .218
Palace and villa of Ferd. de Medici . . .219
His great collection of antiquities . . . .220
The college of Cardinals outstanding position of
Borromeo and Mark Sittich [Altemps] . .221
Strict views of Gregory XIII. as to appointment of
new Cardinals ...... 222
Is disinclined to a numerous Sacred College . .223
1572-77 In these years only four Cardinals created. . 223
1578 The first important creation of nine . . .225
Consideration of these appointments . . .226
Several years elapse without further promotions . 227
Deaths of many Cardinals . . . . .228
By October, 1582, 30 had died and only 13 created. 229
1583 Grave words of the Pope at the Consistory of December
1 2th at which he creates 19 Cardinals . . 230
Surprise of the Cardinals protest by Farnese . . 231
Considerations on the choice of the new Cardinals . 232
1 5 83 -84 Death of 5 of the best known members of the
Sacred College ...... 233
1584 Gregory XIII. deeply affected at the death of Charles
Borromeo on November 3rd . . . -233
CHAPTER VI.
GREGORY XIII. AND THE SOCIETY OF JESUS. THE COLLEGES IN
Gregory XIII. realizes the valuable services of the
Jesuits 234
1573 Revokes the changes introduced by Pius V. . . 234
Death of Francis Borgia (October loth) and election
of Everard Mercurian, at whose death in 1580 . 235
1580 Claudio Aquaviva becomes the new General . .235
1584 Bull of confirmation of the Order (May 25th) . -235
Assistance given by the Pope to the Jesuits in all the
countries of Europe and the
mission fields. . 236
And especially to the German
College in Rome
Extreme importance of this institution . . .238
Its direction entirely given to the Jesuits . .239
Large endowments of the college .... 239
Gregory XIII. the " second founder " of the
Germani-
cum ........ 240
Its rapid progress. The college for Hungary
to it . . . . . . . 241
1584 Instructions as to the selection, studies, etc., of the
students the oath to be demanded of them . 242
VOL. XIX. C
XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
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State of Catholics in England
the Douai
1579 Bull of April 23rd establishing the English College
M. Clenock the first rector difficulties arise the
Jesuit Agazzari appointed great things accom
plished by the college the martyrs . . .244
In Germany
erected . . ..... 254
Gregory XIII. also subsidizes the erection of semin
aries in Italy
1577 A Greek college in Rome
ary I3th . . -247
It is often visited by the Pope . . . .249
Who also founds a college for the Maronites and one
for converts from Judaism and Islam . . 249
Contarelli s dialogue with the Pope on his colleges . 250
The Roman College [the Gregorian University
direction of the Jesuits . . . . .251
Its library, museum and observatory . . .252
Rapid growth of the Gregorianum eminence of its
professors ....... 253
Many Popes, Cardinals, dignitaries and saints received
their training there ...... 253
Great love of Gregory for his colleges . . . 254
1579 He visits all those in Rome
And towards the end of his life plans the establish
ment of more colleges, e.g. Ireland
and Poland
1584 Defence of the Pope against his labours on their
behalf ........ 256
Practical results of the colleges . . . .257
Reasons for their foundation in Rome
CHAPTER VII.
PATRONAGE OF LEARNING. THE CATACOMBS. NEW EDITIONS
OF CANON LAW AND THE MARTYROLOGY.
The Pope himself devoted to study. Generously
supports all the great scholars of the day, Italian, 259
and French, Spaniards, English, Germans and
others ........ 260
1578 Sigonio summoned to Rome
history of the Church . . . . .261
And Baronius uses the manuscript treasures of Rome
1578 Epoch making discovery (June) of the Catacomb near
the Porta Salara . . . . . .262
Before this only the sepulchral chambers attached
to a few churches were accessible . . .263
Philip Neri draws attention towards the catacombs. 264
Historical attack on the Church by the Centuriators 264
Various learned Catholics write in refutation . .264
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXV
A.D. PAGE
1577 But it is Baronius, who at the choice of Philip Neri
undertakes the revision of Ecclesiastical History 265
1579 The first volume of the " Annals " completed
(April
25th) 265
Renewed study of hagiography and Christian arche
ology by Canisius, Lippomano, Surius and
Panvinio ....... 266
Extraordinary sensation made by the discoveries in
the catacombs . . . . . .267
Description by Baronius in his Annals . . .268
Explorations of Ciaconius, de Winghe and Macarius . 269
Bosio, the " Columbus of the Catacombs " . .269
Favour shewn by the Pope to the universities . .270
And encouragement of illustrious professors . .271
His interest in the publication of ecclesiastical works
in Latin and catechisms in Eastern languages . 272
1584 Foundation of an Oriental printing press . . .272
1577 Palestrina and Zoilo charged to revise the books of,
liturgical chants . . . . . .273
The Academy
of St. Cecilia
1575 The rite of the church of Milan
25th) 274
The pontifical Acta from Avignon
The Vatican library :
description by Montaigne . 275
Large number of learned works dedicated to Gregory
XIII 276
The Antwerp
1580 Publication of a new edition of the Corpus juris
canonici ........ 279
Commission for arrangement of all the pontifical
constitutions . . . . . . .280
1583 The new Roman Martyrology Baronius charged to
emend it ....... 281
1585 And was still working on it when the Pope died . . 282
CHAPTER VIII.
REFORM OF THE CALENDAR. THE ROMAN INQUISITION. THE
INDEX.
Necessity of correcting the Julian calendar . .283
Shipwreck of all previous attempts to do this . . 283
The Council of Trent leaves it to the Holy See . .284
Gregory XIII. takes up the question . . .284
1577 A commission appointed for the task . . . 285
1578 Inquiries addressed to scholars and the universities
and letters sent to the Catholic princes . .285
Suggestions arrive in great numbers . . . . 285
Varied opinions of the universities . . . .286
1580 So the commission proceeds independently. Com
pletion of the final report for the Pope (September
I4th) .287
XXXvi TABLE OF CONTENTS.
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1582 The bull for the reform signed on February 24th . 288
And acceptance of the new Calendar ordered . . 288
It is carried into effect at once in Italy
and Poland
Violent opposition from the schismatic Greeks. . 290
Accepted at once in Bavaria
Emperor ....... 291
Strongly opposed in Protestant Germany . .292
1584 Where it meets with violent abuse .... 293
Clavio replies in his Explicatio and Kepler defends
the new calendar as also does Tycho Brahe . 294
Its subsequent adoption by the Protestant states . 295
The service rendered by Gregory XIII. now fully
recognized . . . . . . .296
Gregory XIII. and the Holy Office .... 2^97
Enactments of the Inquisition confirmed by him . 298 ]
1572 Mitigations. The Pope personally visits the prisons
of the Inquisition . . . . . .299
Trials and condemnations under Gregory XIII. . 301
1583 The case of Giacomo Massilara [Paleologus] . . 303
Philip Neri and Paleologus ..... 30/1
The Pope not inclined to public abjurations . .305
1581-82 Outrages by heretics in St. Peter s and S. Maria
del Popolo punished . . . 306
Jewish renegades from Spain
and Portugal
Special cases in which Jews were subjected to the
Inquisition ....... 309
Bull regulating these relations .... 310
1577 Treatment of Jews milder than under Pius V. . . 311
1577 The Pope determines to terminate the affair of
Carranza . . . . . . 3 11
1576 And pronounces sentence on April I4th this clears
the archbishop of heresy his penance . .312
Death of Carranza on May 2nd the Pope sends to
comfort him on April 3oth . . . 313
Michael Baius of Louvain
1572 He subscribes the condemnation of the propositions 315
1575 But gives reason to doubt his sincerity . . 3*5
Baius and Marnix of St. Aldegonde. . . . 316
1580 Gregory XIII. renews the bull of Pius V.. . . 317
The Jesuit Toledo
1584 But the Louvain
The need for the Index of prohibited books . 319
Wide faculties given to the Congregation of the Index 320
Desire to moderate the existing prohibitions . .321
Writing and promulgation of false news prohibited . 322
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXV11
A.D. PAGE
CHAPTER IX.
GREGORY XIII. AND THE LEAGUE AGAINST THE TURKS.
1572 From the beginning (May I3th) of his pontificate,
the Pope determines to carry on the undertaking
of Pius V. . . . . . 323
Hopes to win over Philip II. to his wishes . . . 324
Don John and M. A. Colonna meet at Messina
the former postpones departure of the fleet . . 325
Jealousy of Philip II. against Venice
Indignation of the Pope with the King who plans an
expedition against Algiers
Suspicion of France
in Spain
Danger of Venice
At last the united fleet sail on September 7th, but
nothing accomplished . . . . .328
Grief of Gregory XIII. Salviati sent to France
He is followed by Orsini but without result . . 330
Unsuccessful efforts to induce Maximilian II. to join
the league ....... 330
Final result of the Pope s activity is negative . . 331
1573 Double-dealing of Venice
Decisions of the conference (February 27th) . -332
Secret peace agreed upon between Venice
Porte (March 7th) 332
The Pope informed of this (April 6th), his indignation 333
The congregation of the league disband all the troops
and annul all the concessions to Venice
Speech of the Pope at the Consistory of April 8th . 335
Resentment against Venice in Italy and Vienna
Dangerous position of Venice
fear ... . 337
Grievous injury done to the Holy See by Venice
Efforts to appease the Pope s anger . . . 339
Prudence and skill of Paolo and Antonio Tiepolo . 340
The Venetians treated with great consideration . 341
Tenacity of the Pope s policy he endeavours to form
a new alliance ...... 342
Assists Don John in the capture of Tunis
1574 The Turks recover it. The Pope fears an attack on
1575 Disputes in Genoa
for peace (March i8th) ..... 344
1576 Difficulties of the Genoese settled (March) . -345
Hopes of the Pope from the Emperor Maximilian . 346
Strained relations between the Pope and Philip II. . 347
Behaviour of Granvelle in Naples
J 573 The disputes in Milan Grassi sent as nuncio to
1574 Envoys of Philip II. to Rome
disputes of Naples and Milan
Philip II. as customary avoids a decision . . 350
XXXV111 TABLE OF CONTENTS
A.D. PAGE
1574 He expresses filial attachment but gives vague
replies 351
1577 Death of Ormaneto who is succeeded as nuncio to
1578 Negotiations with Spain
The Monar cliia Sicula, the exequatur and the placet . 354
1579 Armistice between Philip II. and the Turks . . 354
Efforts of Gregory XIII. to dissuade the King from
negotiating with the Turks .... 355
1580 But in vain Spain
Porte (March 2ist) ...... 356
1581 And renews the armistice ..... 356
Philip II. aims at the conquest of Portugal
The Portuguese succession difficult position of the
Pope " . .358
1580 Philip acts swiftly and concentrates troops on the
frontier ........ 359
Gregory XIII. urged to intervene, but maintains
neutrality ....... 359
Riario sent as legate to Portugal
Philip II .360
By the end of the year the submission of Portugal
completed . . . . . . .361
Further negotiations about the Monarchia Sicula . 362
1581 Difficult position of the nuncio, Sega Philip II. has
no idea of giving way ..... 363
New subjects of disagreement the " Toledo
Nevertheless some points are agreed upon . . 364
1582 Hopes from the new nuncio Taverna (January) . 365
The " Memorial " of Sega . . . . .366
Grave difficulties of Taverna ..... 367
Gradually a change comes Olivares arrives in Rome
as ambassador from Spain
Taverna recommends caution and generosity . . 369
1583 The Pope hopes for a decisive war against the Turk. 370
Olivares brings forward the subject of a league (June) 371
The Pope hopes to win over the King of Spain, the
Emperor and the King of Poland
The reply of the Venetians a cold one . . 371
Sega arrives in Madrid
The Pope still insists upon his plan of a league. . 373
1584 And sends ambassadors to Persia
and Ethiopia
The Spanish government s deception . . -374
Gregory hopes to win over Philip II. to an undertaking
against the queen of England
CHAPTER X.
STATE OF RELIGION IN ENGLAND
Apparent fate of the Catholic Church in England
The future Cardinal William Allen his early years 376
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXIX
A.D. PAGE
1532 He takes refuge in Flanders
his acquaintance with
Vendeville and journey to Rome
1568 Beginnings of the seminary at Douai
1578 It is removed to Rheims
The Douai
The Pope, Philip IT., and many besides contribute
to the college . . .380
First steps towards the founding the English College
in Rome
Come from Owen Lewis who is supported by Bishop
Goldwell 381
The Pope assents to the proposal of Lewis . .381
1576 Allen sends some students Clenock the first head . 382
The English students ask for Jesuit superiors. . 382
*579 The Jesuits at first decline, but eventually at the
order of the Pope undertake the direction of the
college ........ 383
"The College Oath " . . . .384
Great fruit of the English
College in Rome
The new seminaries based upon the spirit of sacrifice 385
Allen s narrative about the seminarists, their life . 386
And their labours and trials in England
Improvement in the state of affairs . . . .388
1579 Allen suggests that the Jesuits should be sent to
The general, Mercurian, consents and assigns Persons
and Campion for the mission .... 388
Mercurian s instructions as to behaviour in England
1580 Declaration of the Pope about the bull of excommuni
cation ........ 390
Persons and Campion land in England
And begin a series of dangerous journeys in search
of Catholics 392
Results obtained by them . . . . 393
The extraordinary reputation of the two Jesuits . 394
Early career of Edmund Campion (b. 1540) . . 395
Joins the Society of Jesus in 1573 . . . 396
His desire to be employed in preaching and instructions 396
Observations of Pound to the two Jesuits . . 397
Campion s letter to the Queen s Privy Council. . 397
Impression made by it increased by the Protestant
replies ..... .. 398
1581 Campion s " Ten Reasons " . . . . 399
He goes to Lancashire , but
is arrested and brought
in chains to London
His trial, sentence and execution on December ist . 401
The effect of his martyrdom ..... 402
xl TABLE OF CONTENTS.
A.D. PAGE
CHAPTER XI.
GREGORY XIII. AND SCOTLAND
1572 The Pope s defence of Mary Stuart. . . . 404
The plan of Archbishop Beaton Caution of Philip II. 405
The Pope hopes to effect an agreement between France
and Spain
1573 Philip II. makes a treaty with Elizabeth
The English exiles in the Low Countries
. . .407
1575 Philip II. seems more favourable . . . .407
Discussions about Spanish intervention in England
The expedition against Ireland Fitzmaurice and
Stukeley ....... 409
Cardinal Galli urges the expedition Untrustworthi-
ness of Stukeley . . . . . .410
1577 Adventure of Fitzmaurice ..... 411
1580 Is joined by Sanders Action of Philip II. . . 412
Disastrous end of the expedition . . . -413
subjects ........ 414
Anxiety for the Jesuits and priests from the seminaries
who had no hand in the expedition . . -415
1581 Recrudescence of laws against Catholics . . .416
What line of conduct are the Catholics to take ? . 417
The principle of non-intervention not as yet recognized 418
Still, it was unfortunate to have asked help from
1573 Desperate position of Catholics in Scotland
Opinion of the Jesuit John Hay . . . .421
Report to Walsingham on the state of Catholics in
Attempts to establish Scottish seminaries . . 422
The adherents of Mary do not give up all for lost . 423
The Pope can only send encouraging letters Hesi
tation of Philip II. . . . . . . 423
1578 Overthrow of Morton Hopes from the Earl of Atholl 424
Gregory sends Bishop Lesley of Ross as ambassador to
James VI. ....... 424
Rise of the Catholic Lord of Aubigny, Esme Stuart . 425
James creates him Duke of Lennox and seems to favour
the Catholic religion ..... 426
1581 Robert Persons turns to politics his remarkable
qualities ....... 426
The rise of Aubigny leads to fresh projects abroad . 428
Is it possible to convey James overseas to a Catholic
country ? ....... 429
1582 Mission
Plans of the Duke of Lennox Guise promises assist
ance ........ 430
Gregory XIII. also welcomes the project. . . 430
Unwillingness of Philip II., who delays his reception
Qf Persons . . . . , . 431
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xli
A.D. PAGE
1582 For the time all plans against England
end 43 2
James captured by the Earl of Cowrie . . . 432
1582 Mary s letter of complaint to Elizabeth
8th) 433
Mary sends to France
and Rome , to Spain
Guise ........ 433
Henry III. of France
sends ambassadors to Scotland
Meyneville finds James fairly well disposed . . 434
1583 A plan for a landing in England
by Spain
Guise comes to nothing . . . . -435
James escapes from his captivity (June) . . -435
Anxiety in London
court ........ 436
1584 The impostor John Stuart . . . . -437
James writes to the Pope and Guise (February igth) 437
And Mary Stuart to Allen (March 22nd). . . 437
But Mary is betrayed and deserted by her son. . 438
CHAPTER XII.
PERSECUTION IN ENGLAND
AND SCOTLAND
1589 Failure of attempts to bring about an armed inter
vention on behalf of the Catholics and Mary
Stuart 439
The Pope their only friend ..... 439
This leads some of the English Catholics to take a
desperate step ...... 440
Is it lawful " to take up arms " Replies of Sega
and
Galli 441
And of Gregory XIII. ...... 442
Who deems Elizabeth
Proposal for her assassination ! Owen Lewis will
have nothing to do with it .... 444
Views of Guise and of the Pope, who says that such
means are not right. ..... 445
Plans of the impostor Gilbert and the madman Somer-
ville 446
1583 Francis Throckmorton accused of conspiracy his
execution ....... 447
Burghley s " imaginary conspiracies " . . . 448
Fictitious nature of these pretended plots and falsity
of the indictments against Campion and others 449
The spy of the English government, William Parry 451
1584 His career he goes to Rome
In spite of the warnings of Raggazoni ; but Galli
falls into the trap and procures a letter from the
Pope 452
Inexcusable carelessness of Galli .... 452
Protestant associations for the defence of Elizabeth
xlii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
A.D. PAGE
J 585 Unfortunate capture of the Jesuit Crichton . . 453
Severe enactments against Catholics (November) . 454
1585 And against Jesuits or other priests (January). . 454
Supreme injustice of these new laws . . . 455
Death of Parry. The government becomes more strict 456
The martyrs campaign against priests . . .457
Philip Howard Thomas Pound .... 458
Terrible use of torture ...... 459
Topcliffe, the Earl of Huntingdon, and Vane an
agent of Walsingham ..... 460
The cruelties in Ireland
worse than in England
Spies in the seminaries. The persecution by Elizabeth
is on account of religion not of politics . . 462
Mendacious pamphlets ...... 463
The motive " the destruction of the Catholic religion
" 464
Allen s constant care to keep his students from all
meddling with politics . . . . .465
Loyalty of Catholics to the Queen . . . .466
" The bloody question " Allen s reply to Burghley
467
The mitigation of the bull of Pius V. " . . .468
Gregory XIII. and cultus of the English martyrs . 469
1571 Rise of the Puritans attitude of the government . 470
1572 Movement against " the relics of papistry " .
. 472
Opposition of the Puritans to the state-church. . 473
Attacks of Cartwright and others . . . -473
" An admonition to Parliament " against bishops .
474
Treatment of the Puritans by the government. . 475
1574 The " Book of Discipline " . . . . 476
1582 Puritans resist the Book of Common Prayer . . 476
1584 They attempt to gain the approval of Parliament
her aftair "....... 477
The ambition of Elizabeth
But Puritanism waxes strong . . . . .479
What the English martyrs gave their lives for. . 479
The moral grandeur of their testimony . . .481
CHAPTER XIII.
THE MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW.
1572 The Huguenots and the anti-Spanish party in France
Circumspection of Catherine de Medici . . . 482
Coligny works upon the weak King Charles IX. . 483
But Catherine fears a war with Spain
Marriage of Henry of Navarre
i8th) 484
Catherine s hatred of Coligny she comes to an
understanding with the Guise .... 485
Attempt to kill Coligny ; he is only wounded and
becomes more dangerous than before . . 485
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xliii
A.D. PAGE
1572 Threatened rebellion of the Huguenots, who utter the
foulest insults against Catherine . . . 486
On August 23rd the King consents to the " massacre
" 487
The horrors when the masses of the populace were
let loose . 487
Charles IX. accuses Coligny and his party of treason 488
Passions of the populace in the provinces . . 488
But the number of the victims is greatly exaggerated 489
Consternation in the Protestant world . . . 489
Personal and political motives for the deed, not
religious ones ....... 490
Catherine recovers her complete ascendancy over
Charles IX. ....... 490
She tries to obviate the anticipated indignation of the
Protestant powers . . . . . 491
But speaks in quite another sense to the Pope and
Philip II 491
Gregory XIII. had no part in planning or carrying
out the massacre ...... 492
He was engaged entirely with the war against the
Turks 493
Strained relations between France
and Spain
Salviati sent to France
is the maintenance of peace .... 494
Report (July 2ist) from Salviati about the Huguenots 495
And his opinion as to the only concerns of Catherine 496
Who is asked to do all in her power to prevent war
with Spain
Brief to Alba (August 23rd) congratulating him on
his victories in the Netherlands
him against giving the French a pretext for war 497
Galli remonstrates with Salviati for not sending news
of the plan for the massacre .... 498
The news arrives in Rome
Misleading way in which the Cardinal of Lorraine
announces it to the Pope .... 499
Joy of the Pope, who is urged by Ferals to wait for
the official reports ...... 500
These arrive on September 5th . . . .501
Discussion on these reports ..... 502
The treasonable plots of the Huguenots . . . 503
The massacre is described to the Pope as the outcome
of a dispute between the Guise and the Huguenots 504
On the strength of the reports the Pope orders the
customary celebrations . . . . 505
A bull of September nth orders a general Jubilee . 506
No references to the atrocities but only to the conse
quences it was thought would follow . . -507
The Pope weeps for the conduct of the King and is
struck with horror, reports Zuniga (September
22nd) ........ 508
The danger to all Catholics from the Huguenots
must be borne in mind . . . . .509
xliv TABLE OF CONTENTS.
A.D. PAGE
1572 Horrible atrocities practised for years by the
Protestants
in France
and the Low Countries . . . . 509
What would have happened had Coligny triumphed ! 510
Violent anti-Papal expressions of the Protestants . 512
The hope that now Charles IX. will join the league
against the Turks . . . . . .512
And the highest hopes entertained in Rome
in France
But the French government has no intention of
restoring religious unity . . 513
Discourses of Rambouillet and Muret at the French
obedientia reception (December 23rd), and the
reply of the Papal secretary . . . .514
Cardinal Orsini sent to France
tions . . . . . . . -515
The French government decline at first to receive him 516
Unsatisfactory nature of his audience with Charles
IX. (December 2nd) . . . . .516
1573 The legate returns to Rome
of his mission . . . . . .517
Charles IX. and Catherine wish to maintain an
alliance with England
CHAPTER XIV.
CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE
LEAGUE. BEGINNINGS OF CATHOLIC REFORM IN FRANCE
The French government face to face with a new
Huguenot rising . . . . . .519
1 573 Treaty of July 6th ensuring liberty of conscience .
520
1574 The French Catholics divided Alen9on negotiates
with Navarre
(May 3oth) ....... 520
Henry III. hurries back from Poland
And passes through Italy
But shrinks from a meeting with the Pope . . 523
His behaviour on arriving in France
causes general disappointment . . . 523
1575 Henry s position worse Alenon places himself at
the head of the French Huguenots and malcontent
Catholics ....... 524
1576 Flight of Henry of Navarre from the French court . 525
Catherine resolved upon peace at all costs The treaty
of Beaulieu (May 6th) gains of the Huguenots 525
Indignation of the Pope at this treaty . . . 526
Endeavour of Gondi to calm the Pope s displeasure
The requests of Gondi . . . . .527
These are not granted in their entirety . . .528
Opposition of the French Catholics aroused . . 528
The plan of David to unite the Catholics in a League
under the headship of the Guise . . .529
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xlv
A.D. PAGE
1576 The oath of the League ...... 530
Efficacy of this organization shown at the States
General at Blois
1577 The war begun by the Huguenots. Successes of the
Catholics . . . . . . 531
Henry III. weary of the war, and a peace made at
Bergerac (September) 532
1578 Salviati recalled from France
him ; his instructions ..... 533
Efforts to withdraw Alencon
Orange 534
1579 French affairs go from bad to worse Catherine still
negotiates with the Huguenots . . . -535
Treaty between France
and Berne and Soleure signed
(August) 536
Also conclusion of an alliance between France
1580 The Peace of Le Fleix (November 26th) confirms
the treaties of Bergerac and Nerac . . -537
Reproof of the French Government by the nuncios. 538
Continued efforts of the Pope to prevent war between
Renewed organization of the League Loyalty of
Guise to the Catholic Church .... 540
Philip II., the Guise and the French Catholics . .541
1584 Conditional approval of the League by the Pope
(November i6th) ...... 542
1585 The confederacy of Joinville (January) its object. 543
Hesitation of Henry III. France
into civil war. ...... 544
Gregory XIII. maintains his attitude of reserve
towards the League ..... 545
His view that force alone will not put an end to
heresy ........ 546
But sees in the work of the Capuchins and Jesuits
the best means of preparing Catholic reform . 546
The Capuchins in France
spread 547
They are intent above all things on the welfare of
religion ........ 548
Their works of charity and preaching conversions 548
They are emulated by the Jesuits .... 549
Maldonatus and Edniond Auger .... 550
Henry III. and Cardinal de Guise support the
Jesuits 551
The Carthusians, Cistercians and Benedictines. . 552
Many bishops labour to rouse the secular clergy . 552
1582 Religious conditions in France Encouraging report
of Lorenzo Priuli . . . . . - 553
The clergy demand the acceptance of the decrees of
Three bishops have recourse to the King his reply 555
Conflict with Henry III. and the Parliament about the
bull In coena Domini ..... 556
Xlvi TABLE OF CONTENTS.
1582 The mission of Castelli (1581-1583) . . . . 557
Provincial councils in France
The ruling powers in France
authority . . . . . . 5^8
The outlook in France
revival prepared by Gregory XI IT. . . . 559
LIST OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS IN
APPENDIX
PAGE
1 Pius IV. nominates Ugo Boncompagni Cardinal. . 563
2 Pope Gregory XIII. to King Philip of Spain
3 Cardinal Galli to the French nuncio, A. M. Salviati . 565
4 Consistory of 5th September, 1572. . . .565
5 Giov. Ant. Facchinetti to
Cardinal Galli . . .566
6 Galeazzo Cusano to the Emperor Maximilian II. . 568
7 Cardinal Zaccaria Delfino to the Emperor Maximilian
II 568
8 Expenditure of Cardinal Ricci on the villa Medici in
9 Report on Pope Gregory XIII., his court, and the
college of Cardinals . . . . . .569
10 Giovanni Antonio Odescalchi to the Duke of Mantua
11 Giovanni Antonio Odescalchi to the Duke of Mantua
12 Pompeo Strozzi to the Duke of Mantua
13 Memorial for Gregory XIII. on the first Oratorians . 584
14 Orazio Scozia to the Duke of Mantua
15 Giovanni Ant. Odescalchi to the Duke of Mantua
1 6 Extracts from the " Diarium " of Franciscus
Mucantius 588
17 Giovanni Ant. Odescalchi to the Duke of Mantua
1 8 Avviso di Roma of 16 May, 1582 .... 591
19 Giovanni Ant. Odescalchi to the Duke of Mantua
20 Giovanni Ant. Odescalchi to the Duke of Mantua
21 Avviso di Roma of 14 December, 1583 . . . 592
22 Avviso di Roma of 17 December, 1583 . . . 593
23 Avviso di Roma of 24 December, 1583 . . . 594
24 Avviso di Roma of 14 November, 1584 . . . 594
25 Incomplete and unpublished biographies of Gregory
XIII 595
26 The Annals of Gregory XIII. written by Maffei. . 597
27 The family archives of the Boncompagni in Rome
and their importance for the pontificate of
Gregory XIII. 599
28 Memorie et osservationi sulla vita di Gregorio XIII.
29 The notes of Alessandro Musotti on Gregory XIII. . 609
30 Considerationi sopra la vita di Gregorio XIII. del
di Cremona [Cesare Speciani] . . . .615
31 The French nuncio A. M. Salviati on St. Bartholomew s
night . . . . . . . .617
xlvii
xlviii LIST OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
32 Charles Borromeo and the plague at Milan
33 Unpublished writings on the war against the Turks . 620
34 Reports of the Pontifical visitors of the dioceses of
35 Activity in visitation by the Italian bishops . . 623
36 Francisco Mendoca to the Emperor Maximilian II. 625
37 Memorial to Gregory XIII. on the Congregations . 625
38 List of Cardinals of the Inquisition, 1566-1621. . 626
INTRODUCTION
THE outstanding importance of the pontificate of Pius V. was
due to the fact that it had been entirely dominated by the
Council of Trent
When the saintly Pope made the Apostolic See the centre
and keystone of Catholic reform, he had given this latter
the
stability that it required, but in order that it should
produce
its full effects throughout the whole Church, there was need
of a long pontificate such as that of his successor.
Under the influence of Charles Borromeo, and in all
important
matters following in the footsteps of Pius V., Gregory
XIII.,
a man who was both tenacious and far-seeing, stands out from
the first days of his pontificate to his death as unceasingly
occupied in the task of renewing the world by means of the
strict enforcement of the reform decrees of the Council of
method, and with the broadest outlook, both by means of
his letters to the bishops and Catholic princes, and by the
agency of his nuncios. The Papal diplomatists, trained for
the most part in the school of Borromeo
themselves with extraordinary self-sacrifice to their
difficult
task. Very admirable was the way in which these Italians^
were able to accommodate themselves to the characte inese,
the various nations, whose climate was inclementue princes,
and whose ways were strange ; worthy too of all. had in this
was the way in which they took their part jvas a matter of
happening, with the result that very ofterre brought to bear
of value as sources of national history in 5th upon the Holy
See
countries to which they were accrete sensibly felt. However
Whereas hitherto the religious re;e champion of the
interests
limited to Italy
and Spain
progress among the other irn one hand he defended the
Church,
this the only thing whicl upon her neck an intolerable yoke.
VOL. XIX.
4 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
There was need of great skill to defend on the one hand the
inalienable rights of the Holy See against the
cesaropapalism
of the Catholic King, and yet on the other to secure his co
operation, which was so necessary against the common
enemy, the Protestant religious innovators.
With great wisdom Gregory XIII. realised that for the
purposes of the Catholic reform and restoration he might
make great use of the Jesuit Order, which by reason of its
universal and international character, seemed to be pre
eminently suited to this work.
Hardly a generation had passed away since the former
captain in the army of Charles V. had placed at the disposal
of the head of the Church the first little band of his
troops (the
Society of Jesus), yet already this Order was developing its
activities, not only in Italy ,
Spain and Portugal
also in Germany ,
France , the Low Countries, Brazil
Indies and Japan
extend more and more widely in the days to come its
unwearied activities.
With Gregory XIII. the most brilliant period of the Society
of Jesus began. The Jesuits were to be seen in his service
amid almost all the nations of Europe .
At Stockholm
Possevino was striving to win back the King of Sweden to the
Church ; as the Pope s representative he negotiated the
peace
between Poland
and Russia
principles of the Catholic faith before Ivan the Terrible in
the Kremlin at Moscow
in every kind of disguise, and at the risk of their lives,
sought
to bring aid to the persecuted Catholics in the Protestant
kingdoms, especially in England
bring back divided Germany
above all the Jesuits who carried the blessing of the Gospel
to pagan lands outside Europe .
Even Protestant historians
have bestowed great praise upon the generous spirit of self-
sacrifice of which the disciples of Loyola gave proof.
" They
gained neophytes," says Macaulay, " in places
where none
of their compatriots, whether from motives of cupidity or
the desire of knowledge, had dared to set foot ; they
preached
INTRODUCTION. 5
and spoke in tongues of which no man born in the west under
stood a single word." 1
Together with the Jesuits Gregory XIII. valued the
Capuchins above all others. He opened out to them a
vast field of activity by revoking the decree of Paul III.
which forbade them to go beyond the borders of Italy
During his pontificate the Capuchins went to France
the German Empire.
Of not less importance than the favour shown to the Jesuits
and Capuchins was the labour which Gregory XIII. bestowed
upon the development of the diplomatic representation of
the Holy See. The increase in the number of the nunciatures
opened out to the supreme head of the Church the means of
providing himself with accurate information as to the
condition
of the states of Europe
which had been so disturbed by the
religious changes, and of intervening more directly and more
effectively than in the past in their religious development.
The pontificate of this Pope too was of exceptional
importance
on account of the formation of the cardinal! tial
congregations,
which were systematically organized by his successor. To
all this must be added the fact that the pontificate of
Gregory
XIII. lasted long enough to enable him to consolidate what
he had begun.
The full re-establishment of the former religious unity of
the Christian nations of Europe ,
which Gregory XIII. and
his fellow- workers aimed at, could not, however, be
attained
in spite of their most devoted efforts. The zealous attempts
of the Pope once more to reunite Sweden
and Russia
Church failed, as did his plans for the overthrow of Elizabeth
of England France
and the Catholics remained undecided throughout his pontifi
cate. The French government frustrated all the hopes that
had been built upon it for the protection of the Catholics,
while
in the matter of Catholic reform it took the part of the
enemies
of the Holy See. Nevertheless, Gregory XIII. and his
1 See MACAULAV, Essay on the Papacy.
O HISTORY OF THE POPES.
nuncios, by standing firm, and, in spite of the disastrous
turn of events, never giving up hope, were preparing the way
for the future triumph of the Church in France
The history of the pontificate of Gregory XIII., however,
can also show its immediate results and successes. In the
had the happiness of seeing a definite change in favour of
the
Catholic cause. In the same way he had his share in the
important revival which took place in the great kingdom of
the triumph of Protestantism had become far from improbable,
and, since Poland
the Low Countries in the
west, if the religious innovations had
triumphed there a mortal blow would have been struck against
the Church beyond the Alps .
The contrary, however, of
what so many hoped for, and so many others feared, took
place. By the time that the pontificate of Gregory XIII.
was drawing to its end the failure of Protestantism in Poland
and the triumphant restoration of the Catholic Church was
an established fact. In this change, which was of importance
to the history of the whole world, an essential part was
played
by the King of Poland
and with his help, the Catholic Church in Poland
Protestantism was eradicated, and at the same time the seeds
of Catholicism were firmly planted in the Greek Orthodox
territories of the kingdom. The co-operation of the Pope
and the Jesuits was of decisive importance in all this. In
giving his support to that Order, not only in Poland
and Lithuania ,
but in opening out to it Livonia
and Transylvania to the
south, Bathory substantially helped
forward Catholic propaganda in the north and west of
The work of Gregory in Germany
a quite special interest, was of exceptional value. The
hopes
which the strict ecclesiastical party had built upon him in
this respect were fully justified. Gregory worked uninter
ruptedly for the salvation of the Catholic Church in Germany
throughout his pontificate, as well as in the task of
resisting
INTRODUCTION. 7
the Turks, but whereas his efforts against the hereditary
foe
of Christendom were shipwrecked by the selfishness and
dissensions of the European powers, he attained to unhoped
for success in Germany
where, he sought before everything else to safeguard what
still
remained to the Catholic Church, to reinvigorate it by the
introduction of the Tridentine reform decrees, to put a stop
to further apostasy from the ancient faith, and then to
recover
the ground that had been lost. It is beyond dispute that his
work was of decisive importance for the future of that
nation
from which the religious changes had first come. 1
It must not be forgotten, however, that such a result was
only possible because the renewal of ecclesiastical life had
already begun in Germany
work of Pius V. had been as important as the labours of the
Jesuits, and of some of the secular and ecclesiastical
princes.
Among the princes the first place belongs to Albert V. and
William V. of Wittelsbach. By their courageous attitude, as
the champions and restorers of the ancient Church, they gave
to their little principality the importance of a great
power.
The Dukes of Bavaria gave in their territory the first
example
of a Catholic restoration, resting upon the two-edged sword
of the so-called rights of reform, set up by the religious
peace
of Augsburg
among the German prelates the Abbot of Fulda, Balthasar
von Dernbach, and the Bishop of Wtirzburg, Julius Echter
of Mespelbrunn, and later on the Hapsburgs. It was an
event of no less importance when William V., rightly called
the Pious, intervened effectually in the struggle between
the
old and new faiths in the Empire, and struck a mortal blow
against the advance of Protestantism in the north-west of
Duke of Bavaria alone ; without the energetic support of
1 See the opinion of HANSEN, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutsch-
land I., xxiv. seq,, and VON SCHELLHAS-* in Quellen u.
Forsch.
des Preuss. Instit. I. 39.
HISTORY OF THE POPES.
Gregory XIII. he would not have been able to attain
his end.
While Gregory XIII. was occupying himself with the
renewal and restoration of the Church beyond the Alps , he
did not lose sight of the religious conditions of the Latin
nations.
The reform of the Carmelites of Spain, at the hands of
Teresa of Jesus, and energetically supported by the Pope,
proved more effectual for the consolidation of the Church in
the kingdom
of Philip II
had been so often misused for political ends. The
institution
of the Congregation called the Oratory, by Philip Neri, the
most lovable and characteristic of the saints of the
cinquecento,
was also an important act of reform. While the founder of
this body of ecclesiastics became the Apostle of Rome, his
disciples spread slowly throughout Italy
their way among the other Catholic nations. The principal
work of the Oratorians was the care of souls, while the
import
ance of the new Congregation in the world of learning is
shown by the mention of the father of Church history,
Baronius.
Gregory was also directly a patron of learning, no less than
of the arts, though in both respects the interests of the
Church
were always paramount with him. It was principally build
ings of utility that sprang up in Rome
for the people, and numerous colleges for the education of
the priests of the various nations. In the world of letters
the things nearest to the heart of the Pope were the
provision
of a new edition of the canon law and the Roman Martyrology,
as well as a reform of the calendar which, in spite of the
opposition of the Protestants, was destined gradually to
make
its way throughout the civilized world.
The extraordinary impulse which he gave to the work of
teaching by the establishment of ecclesiastical colleges
both
in and out of Rome
progress of Catholic reform and restoration, but also of the
foreign missions. In no matter was it so evident as in this
with what a breadth of vision the man who occupied the
INTRODUCTION. 9
Apostolic See regarded his mission, and maintained for the
Church her note of catholicity. Pius V. had already proved
himself open-handed in his support of the missions, but now
his generosity was even surpassed. The immense results
which were attained by Christianity among the pagan peoples
of America
of the living and efficacious presence of Christ, Who abides
and works in His Church, united by the Faith, until the end
of time.
CHAPTER I.
THE ELECTION OF GREGORY XIII. His CHARACTER AND
GOVERNMENT.
RARELY has any vacancy in the Holy See passed over so
quietly as that which followed the death of Pius V. 1 At
once
on the following day the College of Cardinals swore to the
observance of the bulls issued by Julius II., and Pius IV.
con
cerning the election of the Pope, and entrusted the duty of
guarding the conclave to Girolamo Bonelli. Donate Stampa,
Bishop of Nepi and Sutri, was appointed Governor of the
Borgo, while Monte de Valentibus remained Governor of the
city itself. Of the other provisions, the most important
concerned the carrying on of the war and the league against
the Turks. 2
As soon as the obsequies of the dead Pope were completed,
Cardinal Farnese celebrated the Mass of the Holy Ghost on
May I2th, 1572, after which fifty-one Cardinals, one Pole,
two Spaniards, four Germans, and the remainder Italians,
went into conclave at the Vatican
exhorted the electors in his discourse to choose a Pope like
Pius V., since he had possessed all the qualities necessary
to
1 See the *note at the beginning of the volume containing
the
original minutes of the letters written during the vacancy.
Papal
Secret Archives (without signature).
2 See THEINER, Annales, I. ,
443 seq., 457 seq. Cf. SERRANO,
Liga, I. , 1 88.
3 The names in PETRAMELLARIUS, 182 seq. ; CIACONIUS, IV.,
i seq. ; ALBERI, II., 4, 205 seq. Santori was lying ill in Rome
absentees were the Portuguese Infante Henry, the Spaniards
Espinosa and Cervantes, the Frenchmen Armagnac, Charles de
Guise, Bourbon, Crequy, Pelleve and Louis de Guise, and the
Italians Delfino, Commendone and del Monte.
II
12 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
guide the barque of Peter. 1 Before the closing of the
conclave,
in the evening, Cardinal Granvelle, who had come from Naples
arrived ; he had been anxiously awaited by the ambassador
of Spain
had named him as the leader of the Spanish Cardinals in the
conclave. 2 On the following day, to the surprise of the
whole
world, the new Pope was elected. 3 This surprise was all the
greater, as there were not wanting rival candidates of the
greatest eminence, and many had prophesied a fairly long
conclave. 4 Among these candidates none had worked so
assiduously or so shrewdly as the powerful Cardinal Ales-
sandro Farnese, the most brilliant member of the Sacred
College. The bitter opposition to his ambitions, which he
had met with from the Medici and their adherents, 5 on this
1 See A. BUCCAPADULII De summo pontefice creando oratio
habita in basilica S. Petri, May 12, 1572, Dillingen, 1572.
2 See the letter of Philip II. to Zuniga of September 8,
1571.
Corresp. dipl., IV., 431 seq.
II conclave fu chiuso alle otto hore di notte il di 12 maggio
et usci Pontefice alle 22 hore il giorno seguente."
(Notes of A.
Musotti in the Boncompagni Archives, Rome
See also the report of Gondola in Archiv fur osterr.
Geschichte
XCVIII., 617. For the election of Gregory XIII. cf. (see RANKE,
Papste, III., 84*) the report in " Conclavi dei
Pontefici Roman! "
p.i, (1668), 264 seq., which, though not based upon personal
obser
vation, is nevertheless the result of reliable information ;
the
extracts from the reports of the ambassadors in PETRUCELLI,
225 seq., WAHRMUND, 93 seq. (with the remarks of Arco, 268
seq.) and especially the long account by HERRE, 192-241,
based
upon unpublished letters, especially in the Florentine
Archives
(cf. also PALANDRI, 166). See also the ""reports
of A. Zibramonte
dated Rome
discusses in detail the intentions of each of the
candidates) and
the "letter of B. Pia of May 16, 1572, Gonzaga
Archives, Mantua
* See MASIUS, Letters, 484. For the candidates for the tiara
cf. report of Zuniga in Corresp. dipl., IV., 711 seq.
6 Among these was also the Duke of Savoy, whose two envoys
were working against Farnese ; see Lettere e monete inedite del
sec. XVI. ill. p. G. B. ADRIANI, Turin
in Getting. Gel. Anzeigen, 1858, I. ,
686 seq.
THE HOPES OF FARNESE. 13
occasion stood still more in the way of his doing his utmost
to attain the goal which he so ardently desired. As a matter
of fact, however, Cosimo
I.
had brought to bear, as well as his son, Cardinal Ferdinand,
and his secretary, Concini, who had been sent for the
special
purpose of preventing the election of Farnese, could hardly
have been successful unless they had found a powerful ally
in
the King of Spain
How great was the influence of Philip II. in the College
of Cardinals was shown in a truly astonishing way. The
king had ordered Granvelle to set out at once for Rome
to check Farnese in his ambitions. Immediately after his
entry
into the conclave Granvelle repaired to Farnese s cell, and
clearly told him that His Catholic Majesty asked of him, in
the interests of the maintenance of the peace of Italy
give up any further steps to obtain the tiara. Farnese was
entirely taken by surprise by this communication, 1 but
fully
realizing the uselessness of any resistance, he declared
himself
ready to fall in with Philip s wishes. He wished, however,
to be able to use his influence effectively in the choice of
the
new Pope. To this end he went to Bonelli, the leader of the
Cardinals of Pius V., and proposed four candidates to him :
Ricci, Savelli, Correggio and Boncompagni. Bonelli would
only accept Boncompagni, who was generally recognized as
being worthy, and who was looked upon as being good-natured
and a lover of peace ; 2 for his part he then proceeded to
*<:/. Corresp. dipl., IV., 728. That Farnese was at
first
attonito e confuso " but soon recovered his
self-command, is
stated in the anonymous *report of the conclave of Gregory
XIII., dated Rome
seq. Papal Secret Archives, which is based on information
given by those who were present at the conclave, both con
clavists and Cardinals. The author is of the opinion that if
the
conclave had been a long one, Correggio would have become
Pope.
2 It weighed against Ricci that he had an illegitimate son.
A
*report on the conclave of Gregory XIII., in the Ricci
Library,
why he had not also declared himself against Boncompagni,
14 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
nominate Rebiba, Sirleto, Albani and Paolo Burali, but
these,
with the exception of the last named, were rejected by
Farnese.
At last they both agreed upon Burali and Boncompagni. On
the following morning Granvelle had a conversation with
Farnese, and agreed with him to support the election of
Boncompagni, whose candidature had been from the first
proposed by Cosimo
I.
In the meantime the Cardinals of Pius IV. had taken counsel
together. Among them, Charles Borromeo had from the first
strongly declared himself in favour of Burali, but he found
very little inclination among his own party, especially Mark
Sittich von Hohenems and Orsini, to give their votes to this
Cardinal, who had been a Theatine, and was known to be a
man of the greatest austerity, 2 and who, like a hermit,
lived
only for his exercises of asceticism. 3 Borromeo then
suggested
Sirleto and Boncompagni. Sirleto was a man of like views
with Borromeo himself ; 4 he was valued as a man of great
learning but was considered to be inexperienced in public
affairs. 5 Although Borromeo exerted himself a great deal
in his favour, 6 his candidature had to be given up like
that
of Burali, with the result that among this group of the
electors
as well, Boncompagni remained the only candidate. The
in whose case the same impediment applied. To the reply made
by Borromeo that he had not known of it, the Cardinal asking
the question retorted that the Holy Ghost had known of it,
and
yet had not prevented the election.
1 See HERRE, 198 seq.
8 Cf. besides the "reports of Arco and Cusano, May 17,
1572
(State Archives, Vienna
by HERRE (233 n.i.), PETRUCELLI, 228 and the *letter of
Zibra-
monti of May 13, 1572, Gonzaga Archives, Mantua
3 A description of him by a well-informed contemporary in
the
*report of 1574 (Corsini Library, Rome
(222) wrongly describes Burali as a Jesuit.
4 See the *report of Cusano of May 17, 1572, State Archives,
6 See in App. n. 9 the *report of 1574 (Corsini Library, Rome
6 See the *report of Cusano of May 17, 1572, State Archives.
THE NEW POPE ELECTED. 15
difficulty of his repeated disagreements with Pius V., which
Bonelli in particular brought forward against the election
of
Boncompagni, was smoothed over by the efforts of Cardinals
Cesi, Mark Sittich, Sermoneta and Galli. 1 Half an hour
after
wards, at six o clock in the evening, the election of Bon
compagni had taken place. 2 When the latter gave his vote
at the scrutiny to Cardinal Granvelle, he made it clear,
with
equal tact and understanding, to whom he principally owed
his
election. 3 In memory of the fact that once upon a time the
purple had been conferred upon him on the feast of St.
Gregory
the Great, Boncompagni took the name of Gregory XIII.
For his motto he chose the words : " Confirm, O God,
what
thou hast wrought in us." (Confirma hoc, Deus, quod
opera-
tus es in nobis).
The Romans welcomed the elevation of Cardinal Boncom
pagni, principally because neither a religious nor an
austere
" Theatine " had been elected, as most people had
feared. 4
The good nature of the new Pope confirmed the court in the
opinion that he would prove himself, as it was put in an ex
pressive saying of the time, a " buon compagno." 5
The
ambassadors built happy auguries on the fact that Gregory
XIII. had lived so long in the curia as to have passed
through
all the ranks of office, and had thus acquired a deep
knowledge
of jurisprudence. 6
1 See HERRE, 235 seq. For the share taken by Sermoneta see
CARINCI, Lettere di O. Gaetani, Rome
2 See the *Memorie del card, di Como, Cod. D. 5, p. 68,
Boncom
pagni Archives, Rome
3 See Corresp. de Granvelle, IV., 224.
4 " *Questo popolo di Roma sta molto allegro poiche non
hanno
fatto papa ne frate ne chietino come si dubitava."
Report of
Cusano, Rome , May 13, 1572,
State Archives, Vienna
5 See the "report of B.Pia, Rome
" S.S tdl fa gratia ad ognuno et non nega cosa alcuna
" (Gonzaga
Archives, Mantua
the *report of 1574, Corsini Library, Rome
6 Cf. the "report of Arco of May 13, 1572, State
Archives,
May 14, 1572, Gonzaga Archives, Mantua
l6 HISTORY ]OF THE POPES.
It was a fact that the whole of the past life of the new
Pope
had been devoted to the study of law and to the work of
administration. He sprang from a^Bolognese family, which,
according to tradition, had come from Umbria
belonged to the " mezzo ceto." 2 His father,
Cristoforo, who
was born in 1470, and died in 1546, had been a merchant, and
by his skill had raised his family to a certain measure of
affluence ; nevertheless, the beautiful palace which he
raised
near the Duomo was finer than his means warranted. 3 He
and " possesso " of Gregory XIII., cf. GATTICUS,
393 seq. Among
the " obedientia " envoys there was a celebrated
poet : see
E. ARMIGERO GAZZARA, Storia di un ambasciata e di una
orazione
di Battista Guarini (1572), Modena
1 Cf. LITTA, fasc. 53. At Visso, near Norcia, may still be
seen
the genealogical tree of the family.
2 The story of the Boncompagni, like that of other Roman
and Bolognese families, was irremediably falsified by the
Roman
physician Alfonso Ceccarelli. When this man had also
falsified
a deed of trust, a suit was commenced against him which
ended
in 1583 in his condemnation. See RIEGL in Mitteilungen des
osterr. Inst., XV., 193 seq. Cf. idem. XXIII., 275 seq.,
Archiv
fuy dltere deutsche Gesch., N.F. XX., 253 seq. ; KEHR in
ArcJi. d.
Soc. Rom.
Ceccarelli, Perugia
Reggio Emilia, Milano, 1919, 37. The work of Ceccarelli on
the
origin and history of the Boncompagni, which L. Allatius had
not
seen, and Riegl (loc. cil. 216) could not find, is preserved
in the
Boncompagni Archives, Rome
Boncompagni familiae auctore Alphonso Ciccarello. The work
of Ceccarelli, *De familiis Italiae in Cod. XI. 13 of the
Rossiana
Library of the Jesuit
College at Lainz, near Vienna
coat of arms cf Boncompagni see PASINI-FRASSONI, Armorial
des Papes, Rome
8 The construction of this grandiose palace, which Ugo Bon
compagni enlarged as Cardinal and as Pope, gave occasion for
many witty sayings ; see, besides P. TIEPOLO, 210 seq.
especially
the *report of Musotti, Boncompagni Archives, Rome
also says that the family possessions were only " modesto
(P. 258).
BONCOMPAGNI AT BOLOGNA
was distinguished for his piety and his generosity towards
the
poor. 1 By his marriage with Angela Marescalchi, Cristoforo
Boncompagni took his place among the aristocracy of Bologna
Of his four sons, Ugo, who was born on January ist, 1502, 2
devoted himself with distinction to the study of law in the
university of his native place. He took the various academic
degrees there, and, amid general applause was lecturer in
law
at the university between the years 1531-1537, and
1538-1539. 3
Among his pupils he numbered, together with Ippolito Rimi-
naldi, who became celebrated in the study of law, five other
students who later on attained to the purple, and rendered
great services to the Catholic Church : Otto Truchsess, Regi
nald Pole, Cristoforo Madruzzo, Francesco Alciati and
Alessandro Farnese.
As Boncompagni had not a strong voice, 4 he resigned his
chair in 1539, and went to Rome
of his friend, Cardinal Parisio. 5 Paul III. soon realized
his
great abilities ; Boncompagni owed to him his first
promotion
as one of the judges whom that Pope had placed at the dis-
1 During a time of scarcity in Bologna
deal of grain ; see *Memorie del Fazolio, D. 5, n. 18,
Boncompagni
Archives, as well as the detailed *report of Musotti. (Cf.
App.
n. 29). At S. Martino , the
church of the Carmelites, Cristoforo
founded a chapel.
2 The baptism of Ugo took place, according to the *Vita
Gregorii XIII. by P. Bombinus (see App. n. 24), on January
17,
1 502, Vatican Library.
3 Exact details as to this are given by C. MALAGOLA,
Document!
inediti sulla laurea e sull insegnamento di Gregorio XIII.
(U.
Boncompagni) nell antico studio di Bologna
Boncompagni Archives has in Cod. D. 2 part of the lectures
of
Boncompagni : *In titulum de donatione praelectiones
expositae
anno 1532. The description of the coronation of Charles V.
at
Fabio Area on March 18, 1530, was published by G. Giordani
(Lettera inedita del Bolognese U. Boncompagni, Bologna,
1841).
4 See A. TIEPOLO, 258.
6 See the *Note of Musotti in the Boncompagni Archives,
VOL. XIX. 2
l8 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
posal of the senator (collaterale di Campidoglio) as well as
his appointment as " abbreviatore di Parco
Maggiore," and
finally as " referendarius utriusque signaturae."
1 Ugo, who
had acquired a fine residence in the Rione di Parione, 2
made
many acquaintances in the Palazzo Parisio, who were very
useful to him in his career ; in 1545 he lost this patron,
whose
last will he drew up. 3 In 1546 Boncompagni obtained a far
more important office by his appointment as "
Abbreviatore "
of the Council of Trent
deputies whom the legates sent to Rome
of the transference of the Council to Bologna
It seemed as though Boncompagni could count upon further
promotion when Cardinal del Monte, whom he had faithfully
served at the Council, was elected Pope. The contrary, how
ever, was the case. Julius III. removed him from the roll of
the referendaries, 6 and moreover showed his disfavour so
clearly that Boncompagni wished to leave Rome
1 Cf. in App. n. i the *bull of Pius IV. of March 12, 1565
(Papal
Secret Archives) and Corresp. dipl., I. ,
xxxix. There also belong
to this time the notes in Cod. D. 2 of the Boncompagni
Archives,
*Forensia et praesertim notabilia in materia expedit. liter,
apost. ;
ibid. D. 3, *Mss. dogmatico-canonica of Gregory XIII. Other
*manuscripts of the same kind which certainly belong to the
time
of the cardinalate and pontificate of Boncompagni, are
mentioned
by FANTUZZI, IV., 287, as being in the Archives of the
Castle of
St. Angelo.
2 Via del
trance door was found the inscription : " Boncompagni
" ; see
TOMASSETTI, La casa di U. Boncompagni, per le nozze Boncom-
pagni-Ludovisi-Malvezzi-Campeggi, Rome
3 See the Vita Gregorii XIII. by P. Bombinus (cf. App. n.
24),
4 See EHSES, Concilii Trident. Actorum pars prima, Freiburg ,
1904, 544.
5 See MERKLK, Concil. Trident. Diariorum pars prima, Freiburg ,
1901, XLIII.
6 This fact, of which the biographies by Ciappi (2) and
Matfei
(I. 6) say nothing, is attested by the Memorie di Mgr.
Venantio
da Camerino, D. 5, n. 17, Boncompagni Archives, Rome
BONCOMPAGNI AND PAUL IV. IQ
step, however, he was dissuaded by Cardinal Crescenzi. 1
The reasons for this disfavour are not known : Boncompagni
then retired altogether from the curia and devoted himself
entirely to his studies. 2 At the end of the pontificate of
Julius III., Cardinal Giambattista Cicada, legate of the Cam-
pagna, appointed him his vice-legate, in recognition of his
administrative talents, and he held this office for eight
months. 3
During the pontificate of Paul IV. Boncompagni once more
came into favour, although the character of the new Pope was
very different from his own. In January, 1556, when the Com
mission of Reform was established, the Pope would not forego
the services of this experienced jurist. 4 After this Ugo
Bon
compagni entered the diplomatic service ; he twice accom
panied Cardinal Carlo Carafa on important legations. The
first time was in May, 1556, when the Cardinal s nephew went
to France, and the other in the autumn of the following
year,
on his journey to Brussels, to the court of Philip II. 5 In
May,
1558, Boncompagni, who had in the meantime been appointed
by Paul IV. a member of the Segnatura di Grazia, was placed
upon the commission which had to pronounce sentence in the
dispute with Ferdinand I. In July the Pope proposed to send
him to that monarch, 6 and at once conferred upon him the
bishopric of Viesti in lower Italy. 7 By permission of Paul
IV.
Boncompagni still remained in Rome, where, at the end of
1558, he was given the office of vice-regent to Cardinal
Alfonso
Carafa, who had recently been appointed regent of the
Camera.
This office he held gratuitously and to the satisfaction of
1 Cf. SANTO RI, Autobiografia, XIII., 163.
2 *" Si retire poiche non volse pirt lassarsi vedere ne
dal papa
ne da veruno cardinale " says Venanzio da Camerino,
loc. cit.
3 See ibid.
* See Vol. XIV. of this work, p. 191.
5 See ibid. pp. 124, 211. Cf. ANCEL, La question de Sienne,
Bruges, 1905, 16, and Nonciat., II., 471 n.
6 See Vol. XIV. of this work, pp. 353, 355.
7 See MERKLE, II., 324 n.
2O HISTORY OF THE POPES.
everybody. 1 In January, 1559, he was called to take part
in the new Council of State, which had just been instituted.
2
When the obligation of residence was enforced in 1559, Bon-
compagni was one of the few prelates who were allowed to
remain in Rome, because they had need there of his
services. 3 The purple seemed assured to him when Paul IV.
died. 4
The tragedy of the Carafa, with whom Boncompagni had
been closely associated, 5 might have proved fatal to him.
He
nevertheless remained untouched, although he had himself,
from his modest resources, helped Cardinal Alfonso Carafa,
who had been condemned to pay a fine of 100,000 scudi. 6
In what a high degree he possessed the confidence of Pius
IV.,
as well as that of Cardinal Borromeo, is shown by his
appoint
ment to the Consulta. His close contact with the Cardinal
nephew, who lived like a saint, had a decisive effect upon
both
the interior and exterior life of Boncompagni. Since his
education had been to all intents and purposes of a worldly
character, he had not, though he was in himself of a
religious
turn of mind, 7 altogether escaped the profane influence of
the
dying Renaissance. It was therefore of decisive importance
for him that he should have completed his period of develop
ment and maturity in close contact with Charles Borromeo,
1 See *Memorie di Mgr. Venantio da Cainerino and the *Notes
of Musotti in Boncompagni Archives, loc. at. ; cf. ANCEL,
Nonciat.,
II., 471 n.
1 See Vol. XIV. of this work, p. 229.
3 See ANCEL, Nonciat., II., 471 n.
4 See the *Avviso di Roma in Urb. 1039, p. 62, Vatican
Library.
It is significant that these were not mentioned in the
account
of his career contained in the bull of his nomination as
cardinal ;
see the *document in App. n.i., Papal Secret Archives.
* See the *Vita di Gregorio XIII. in Cod. Barb. 4749
(Vatican
Library), which must be compared with App. n. 24.
7 Already when " collaterale di Campidoglio " he
visited
every day the church of Aracoeli. This is stated by Guido
Ferrari upon oral evidence in his *Vita Gregorii XIII. Papal
Secret Archives ; cf. App. n. 24.
BONCOMPAGNI AT TRENT. 21
at the time when full experience of life and the serious pur
poses of middle age had come upon him. 1
Borromeo, like Pius IV., learned to appreciate still more
the learned prelate by reason of his unflagging labours
during
the third period of the Council. Boncompagni, who had gone
to Trent on December gth, 1561, as the companion of the
Cardinal legate, Simonetta, 2 lived there at first at his
own
expense, as his bishopric, which had been devastated by the
Turks,, brought in no revenues whatever. 3 As the close
associ
ate of the legate, he placed all his knowledge of canon law
and
his exceptional powers at the service of the great cause.
His
advice, and his share in the drafting of the decrees, won
for him
the special praises of Seripando, Borromeo and Pius IV. The
activity which he displayed during the discussion of the
difficult
question of the obligation of residence won him special
praise. 4
During his stay at Trent Boncompagni lived in a villa at
Civezzano, from whence he generally travelled on foot along
the precipitous road leading to Trent. Venanzio da Camerino,
who had been for many years in his service, has described
Boncompagni s manner of life at that time. He got up at
sunrise to recite his breviary in the open air, and to hear
the
first mass. He then set out for his work ; for the most part
during his long walks he meditated upon the business of the
Council, only to discuss it anew in the evening with certain
bishops who lodged at the same villa. 5
1 This is very rightly pointed out by REINHARDT-STEFFENS,
p. xxiii. How seriously Boncompagni took his position as
prelate
as early as 1547, cf. TACCHI-VENTURI, I., 169 seq.
2 See SUSTA, I., 114 seq.
3 See *Memorie di Mgr. Venantio da Camerino, Boncompagni
Archives, Rome. Later on he received a subsidy from the Pope
;
see SUSTA, IV., 30.
4 Cf. MEKKLE, II., 826 ; SUSTA, II., 45, 47, 86, 126, 146,
170,
193, 218 ; III., 19, 168, 178, 180 seq., 185, 254, 272, 274
; IV., 51,
I0 5> 3^7. See also the *Memorie di Mgr. Venantio da
Camerino,
Boncompagni Archives, and Vol. XVI. of this work, p. 73.
5 See as to this the valuable information in the *Mernorie
di
Mgr. Venantio da Camerino, Boncompagni Archives.
22 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
His temperance at that time is worthy of notice ; even
though the sittings of the Council had been very protracted,
he never took any time for refreshment.
It is also reported of him that when the news came of the
illness of Pius IV., he was one of the few who remained pre-
fectly calm. 1 When, at the conclusion of the Council, Bon-
compagni passed through Bologna on his way back to Rome,
it was obvious from his pallor how great had been the strain
which he had undergone during his two years stay in Trent. 2
He had indeed earned the purple which was bestowed upon
him in 1565, on March I2th, the feast day of Gregory the
Great. 3 On the occasion of his nomination Pius IV.
remarked,
in obvious allusion to his relations with the Carafa :
" this
man has always been without guile." 4
It was said later on in Rome that Boncompagni s habit of
silence had won for him in the curia the reputation of being
a prudent and capable man, and that this had weighed heavily
in the balance in favour of his elevation to the
cardinalate. 5
Other reasons, however, contributed to his promotion. Even
though Boncompagni, in the opinion of Prospero Santa Croce,
who was made a Cardinal at the same time, was poor and a man
of few words, so as to appear to be of an austere turn of
mind,
he had also won golden opinions by his manner of life and
his
great prudence. 6 It is certain that the high opinion which
Borromeo had of him told especially in his favour. 7 He saw
with approval how Boncompagni kept all aloof from Court
intrigues, and devoted himself to his juridical studies and
public
1 See ibid. * See ibid.
3 See the *bull of Pius IV. in App. n.i., Papal Secret
Archives ;
cf. Vol. XVI. of this work, p. 393.
4 See MAFFKI, I., 10.
5 See the *Avvertimenti politic! et utilissimi per un
signore
che pratic6 la corte di Roma. Liechtenstein Archives,
Vienna.
F. i.
8 See * Prosper card. S. Crucis de Cardinalibus sui
temporis,
in Cod. Ottob. 7248, p. 151, Vatican Library.
7 See the "Consideration! sopra la vita di Gregorio
XIII. dal
vescovo di Cremona (Ces. Speciani) D. 5, n. 6, Boncompagni
Archives.
BONCOMPAGNI CREATED CARDINAL. 23
duties. The ambassadors, especially the Spanish ambassador,
appreciated his peace-loving character, and his naturally
con
ciliatory disposition, while his great disinterestedness was
gener
ally recognized. 1 Thus it was looked upon as an inspired
choice
when Pius IV., in the autumn of 1565, in connexion with the
trial by the Inquisition of Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo,
sent to Spain the Cardinal of S. Sisto, as Boncompagno was
called from his titular church. But the death of Pius IV.
determined the legate to return to Rome as early as December
29th. 2 His companion on his journey relates how Philip II.,
at his farewell audience, wished to alter the faculties of
the
legate and said to him : "If the Pope were to command
it you would certainly listen to him/ Boncompagni frankly
replied : "If the Pope were to order me to do anything
against my conscience, or to the injury of the Holy See, I
should certainly not listen to him." 3 Pius V. gave to
Bon
compagni, after the death of Cardinal Reumano, the Segnatura
of Briefs. 4 The Cardinal, on this occasion as well, devoted
himself entirely to the duties of his office. He was never
to
be seen at public festivals, and the only recreation which
he
allowed himself was an occasional visit to the villa of
Cardinal
Mark Sittich at Frascati. 5 He never wished for riches, and
thus still remained in a state of voluntary poverty. He
would
not accept a pension of 1,000 scudi offered to him by Philip
II.,
without the permission of the Pope. Without any thought
of self-interest he always defended his opinions quite
openly, 6
1 See ibtd.
z See Vol. XVI. of this work, p. 372. *The Acta concerning
this legation are in Cod. 4, Boncompagni Archives.
3 See the *notes of Venanzio da Camerino in the Boncompagni
Archives. Cf. also the *Vita di Gregorio XIII. in Cod. Barb.
4749, Vatican Library.
4 *" Carico di tanta importanza che si da a Cardinal!
confi-
dentissimi," says Musotti, in his *notes, Boncompagni
Archives,
6 See the *Considerationi of Speciani, ibid.
6 See ibid. ( f. also Corresp. dipl., III., 101, the *notes
of
Musotti, Boncompagni Archives, and the *report of 1574
(Corsini
Library, Rome) in App. n, 9,
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